2013年9月15日星期日

Home Made, DIY Dog Food Recipes - Grain Free or Wholesome Grains, for the Health of Your Dog











Many commercially made dry dog food (kibble) is full of toxins, carcinogens, allergens and ingredients that provide your dog with poor source nutrition. Switching your dog from commercially made, highly processed dog kibble to homemade dog food can be of great benefit to your dog’s overall health. Below are a few very nutritious, simple to make dog food recipes I created for the health and well-being of my dogs. The ingredients used are selected to support your dog’s overall health, boost his/her immune system, prevent cancer, support oral health, heart health and more. When purchasing the ingredients used in the recipes below, you can decide whether you want to go organic or not…even if you do not go organic you can be sure that the food you make – based on the recipes below, will be packed with good nutrition. You can couple this recipe with a healthy, all-natural snack food for your dog. 







How Much Will You Need to Feed to Your Dog?…



Before we get to the recipes – people often ask ‘how much of this recipe should I feed to my dog?’ My recommendation regarding ‘amount to feed’ is as follows, first preceded by the following comments…


The amount to feed a dog varies per the individual dog. 



  • Just as each human has a different life style, different metabolism, so too for each dog. 


    • While two dogs may be the same size;

    • The same breed;

    • Have the same level of physical and mental activity;

    • One of the dogs may require slightly more food or less food than the other. 


  •  I am going to provide you with a guideline, and from that make your own adjustments to suit the individual dog.


Scenario One -  you are currently feeding your dog a commercially prepared dry dog kibble which lists grain, soy, corn, etc. as the first ingredient see the example provided just below…



  • Start by feeding your dog 1/4 cup less of the homemade dog food;

  • See how that goes and make any required adjustments to suit.


Example- GROUND WHOLE CORN, MEAT AND BONE MEAL, CORN GLUTEN MEAL, ANIMAL FAT (PRESERVED WITH BHA/CITRIC ACID), SOYBEAN MEAL, GROUND WHOLE WHEAT, BREWERS RICE, DRIED PLAIN BEET PULP, NATURAL FLAVOR, SALT, VEGETABLE OIL ([SOURCE OF LINOLEIC ACID] PRESERVED WITH BHA/BHT), POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, VITAMINS (CHOLINE CHLORIDE, a-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE [SOURCE OF VITAMIN E], NIACIN, BIOTIN, d-CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE, RIBOFLAVIN SUPPLEMENT [VITAMIN B2], PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENT, VITAMIN B12 SUPPLEMENT, THIAMINE MONONITRATE [VITAMIN B1], VITAMIN D3 SUPPLEMENT) MINERALS (ZINC SULFATE, ZINC PROTEINATE, COPPER SULFATE, POTASSIUM IODIDE, COPPER PROTEINATE, MANGANESE PROTEINATE), ADDED FD&C COLORS (RED 40, YELLOW 5, BLUE 2).




    Scenario Two -  you are currently feeding your dog a commercially prepared dry dog kibble which looks similar to one of the three examples provided just below…

    • Start by feeding your dog 1/8 cup less of the homemade dog food;


    • See how that goes and make any required adjustments to suit.


    Example OneChicken Meal, Whole Grain Wheat, Whole Grain Sorghum, Brewers Rice, Brown Rice, Whole Grain Corn, Pork Fat, Chicken Liver Flavor, Soybean Oil, Corn Gluten Meal, Cracked Pearled Barley, Dried Beet Pulp, Lactic Acid, Potassium Chloride, Pork Liver Flavor, Flaxseed, L-Lysine, Choline Chloride, vitamins (Vitamin E Supplement, L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyphosphate (source of vitamin C), Niacin Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate, Vitamin A Supplement, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin Supplement, Folic Acid, Vitamin D3 Supplement), Iodized Salt, minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Oxide, Copper Sulfate, Manganous Oxide, Calcium Iodate, Sodium Selenite), Taurine, Oat Fiber, Mixed Tocopherols added to retain freshness, Citric Acid added to retain freshness, L-carnitine, Phosphoric Acid, Beta-Carotene, Rosemary Extract. Dried Apples, Dried Broccoli, Dried Carrots, Dried Cranberries, Dried Peas.


    Example Two - Chicken (natural source of glucosamine), brewers rice, corn gluten meal, whole grain corn, poultry by-product meal (natural source of glucosamine), whole grain wheat, animal fat preserved with mixed-tocopherols (form of Vitamin E), soy flakes, soybean meal, animal digest, glycerin, calcium phosphate, caramel colour, calcium carbonate, salt, potassium chloride, choline chloride, Vitamin E supplement, zinc sulphate, L-Lysine monohydrochloride, ferrous sulphate, sulphur, manganese sulphate, niacin, Vitamin A supplement, calcium pantothenate, thiamine mononitrate, copper sulphate, riboflavin supplement, Vitamin B-12 supplement, pyridoxine hydrochloride, garlic oil, folic acid, Vitamin D-3 supplement, calcium iodate, biotin, menadione sodium bisulfite complex (source of Vitamin K activity), sodium selenite. T-4154-C
    Example Three – Chicken By-Product Meal (Natural source of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Fish Meal (source of fish oil), Chicken, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source of Vitamin E), Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Dried Egg Product, Potassium Chloride, Brewers Dried Yeast, Salt, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source of Vitamin E), Calcium Carbonate, Flax Meal, Choline Chloride, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous Oxide, Potassium Iodide, Cobalt Carbonate), Vitamin E Supplement, Dried Chicken Cartilage (Natural source of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), DL-Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Beta-Carotene, L-Carnitine, Marigold, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract.


    Scenario Three -  you are currently feeding your dog a commercially prepared dry dog kibble which looks similar to the example provided just below…




    • Start by feeding your dog the same amount of the homemade food as you are currently feeding to your dog in the dry dog food;


    • See how that goes and make any required adjustments to suit.




    Deboned chicken, chicken meal, green peas, turkey meal, chicken liver oil, field beans, red lentils, whole potato, deboned turkey, whole egg, deboned walleye, sun-cured alfalfa, pea fibre, chicken liver, herring oil, whole apples, whole pears, sweet potato, pumpkin, butternut squash, parsnips, carrots, spinach greens, cranberries, blueberries, kelp, chicory root, juniper berries, angelica root, marigold flowers, sweet fennel, peppermint leaf, lavender, rosemary.


    Grain Free Version…












    Chicken, Sweet Potato, Cottage Cheese, Spinach, Lentils, Vegetables, Fruit and Herbs…



    • Protein, Fat and essential nutrients – Meat:



      • 1.5 lb (minimum) to 2 lbs ground or finely chopped 1meat:


        • Poultry – chicken, turkey or duck, bones removed, or:

        • Fish – wild Alaskan salmon, mackerel, sardines, or;



        • Red meat – beef, bison, deer, etc. 



          • If your dog has food sensitivities don’t mix proteins, choose one source of meat protein per batch of food;

          • don’t skim the fat off – the fat from the meat is an essential source of nutrition for your dog; 




    •  Protein, Fat and essential nutrients – Cottage cheese:


    • Protein, carbohydrates, fiber and essential nutrients – Legumes:


      • 2 cups (16 oz):



        • Lentils – use a combination of yellow, brown or green lentils and/or cooked mashed chickpeas (see note 2)

        • For best results:


          • Pre-soak the uncooked lentils in water for at least 3 hours;

          • After soaking the uncooked lentils, drain the water (discard the water) and use a food processor or bender to mash/finely chop the softened lentils;

          • After soaking and mashing/chopping the lentils are ready to be cooked with the other recipe ingredients together in a pot or pressure cooker.







    • Protein and Fat - Additional Optional Ingredient:


      • 2 eggs 





    •  Fat:



    • Carbohydrate, essential nutrients, fiber, antioxidents:


      • 2 cups:



        • Sweet potato, or  

        • Squash;

        • Pumpkin;

        • or a combination of the above;




      • 2 cups:


        • Vegetables and Fruit, fresh or frozen finely chopped:


          •  Carrots, Brussel sprouts, green beans, cauliflower, broccoli;




          •  Apples, pears, cherries or berries (i.e. cranberries, strawberries, blueberries, black berries, etc.);


      • 10 oz:


        • Fresh or frozen chopped spinach



    • Herbs


      •  4 cloves 3garlic, chopped or minced; 



      • 1/8 cup basil – dry or fresh chopped;



      • 1/8 cup rosemary – dry or fresh chopped;




      • 1/8 cup sage; 

      • Optional:


        • 1/8 cup anise;

        • 1/8 cup fennel; 

        • 1/8 cup dried parsley or fresh chopped;

        • 1/8 cup mint;

        • 1 tbs fresh chopped ginger;

        • 1 tbs Ceylon cinnamon



    • 1tspdry, 4powdered eggshell (1/2 tsp/per every 1 lb of meat)



    Put all ingredients in a pot and add only enough water to just barely cover ingredients. Put on a low heat setting (i.e. 3 to 4 just for long enough to start the food cooking and then turn the heat down to 2 and just let the pot simmer for an hour or two. If you are making a single batch of food and have a crock pot  the food can be cooked on low heat setting in the crock pot.

    When you are ready to feed your dog the food…






    Sprinkle/add/mix the following on top of the food when ready to serve in bowl:


    • 6Brewers yeast or nutritional yeast (NOT Bakers yeast!)


    • Cheese shredded or cubed;



      •  cheddar cheese, mozzarella or Swiss cheese, or; cottage cheese;


    • Yogurt 


      • Read here to understand benefits, dosage, how to select a good yogurt for your dog;


    •  A small piece of fatty fish such as wild Atlantic Salmon, mackerel or sardine;

    • Fish oil (use human grade) krill oil, wild Alaskan salmon oil, cod liver oil;


    • 5Ground flax seeds or Chia seeds;

    • A pinch of ground vitamin C tablet – if your dogs don’t eat citrus fruit, berries or veggies that are high in vitamin C. My dogs get lots of vitamin C from fresh fruit and from fresh lemon so they do not require ground vitamin C.

    • Ceylon Cinnamon



      • You can also sprinkle a little cinnamon powder on top of the food. Cinnamon helps dissolve food particles – good for your dog’s dental health and also aids with the digestion of food.



    You can keep this food in the refrigerator for up to one week. If you make more than you will use in a week just freeze the additional food.

    Notes

    1Cooking Meat – avoid creating carcinogens in the meat


    When cooking meat (poultry, red meat, etc.) always cook it at a low temperature.



    • Cooking meat above 200 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit increases the amount of PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine) and other heterocyclic amines in the meat;

    • Heterocyclic amines are carcinogenic chemicals that form when meat is cooked at high temperatures.


    2Home cooked v.s. canned lentils, chickpeas, legumes – avoid carcinogens
     Although you can choose to use canned lentils and chickpeas it is best to cook them from ‘scratch’ yourself as canned products: 



    • Are known to contain BPA (a carcinogen), and;

    • Commercially prepared canned beans/legumes are cooked at a very high temperature for a short period of time. 



      • When foods are cooked at very high temps advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) form;

      • AGEs are compounds that stimulate cells to produce specific proteins that cause inflammation and can be toxic;


      • High heat also damages and/or destroys many nutrients.



    3 Garlic – my dogs get fresh garlic on a daily basis. Garlic (unlike onion which is toxic for your dog) has many health benefits for your dog. Before cooking the garlic, chop, mince or crush the garlic and let it sit for 15 minutes at room temperature – this triggers a reaction that boosts the healthy enzymes in garlic to maximum output. If your dog is on blood thinners or cyclosporin, leave the garlic out of the recipe.






    4 Powdered Eggshell is high in calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur, silicon and zinc, and a few other (actually 27) vital elements for dogs. ½ tsp equals about 400 milligrams of absorbable calcium.


    • To make powdered eggshell:

    • Wash empty eggshells in a little warm water;

    • Place the shells on a dish or paper towel and let them air dry completely (i.e. for 24 hrs);

    • When dry, break the shells into pieces and then grind them using a mortar and pestle or coffee grinder;

    • Store the powdered eggshell in an airtight container.



    5Flax seed must be ground not whole, Chia seeds can be whole or ground.

    • Daily dosage of Flax or Chia:


      • Tiny Dogs (4 lbs to 10 lbs) – ½ tbs  

      • Small Dogs (+10 lbs to 30 lbs) – 1 tbs  

      • Medium Dogs  (+30 lbs to 75 lbs)  – 1.5 tbs

      • Large Dogs (+75 lbs to 100 lbs) – 2 tbs

      • Extra Large Dogs (+100) – 2 to 3 tbs




    6Nutritional brewer’s yeast or nutritional yeast (not baker’s yeast) is high in B complex vitamins. B complex vitamins are very important for a dog’s overall health, oral health and are also a natural flea repellent.  


    Daily Dosage of Brewer’s or Nutritional Yeast:
    1 teaspoon per 30 pounds of body weight







    Below I am providing a Grain-Included Recipe

    I am providing this recipe with grain-in for the following reasons:

    1. For those who have little choice but to include grain as their dog is allergic to most meats, root vegetables, squash, legumes, etc.



    1. For those people that insist on providing grains as part of their dog’s diet;





      • So, if your dog does not have any of the issues noted in point 1 above, I strongly recommend that you use the grain-free recipe for the following reasons…



    Species inappropriate food/diets are the #1 cause of the top ten ailments for which people take their dog to the the Veterinarian’s office…

     


    1. Periodontal Disease



    2. Ear Infections



    3. Skin Allergies



    4. Skin Infection



    5. Non-cancerous skin growth



    6. Upset Stomach



    7. Intestinal upset/diarrhea



    8. Arthritis



    9. Bladder Infection

    10. Under-active Thyroid – triggered by immune system or lack of iodine in the diet




    In addition  – it is of the utmost importance to use human grade grain products – not animal feed grade (most commercially produced dog food contains animal-feed grade grains).  Grain used in the production of animal feed is not screened for aflatoxins – a naturally occurring fungus (on grains). Aflatoxins are carcinogenic. Grains such as corn and soy are GMO in North America unless you are purchasing organic. Soy and alfalfa contain endocrine disruptors. Other grains if not organic, are high in pesticide residue.






    Wholesome Grains Version…

     












    Chicken, Oats, Rice, Spinach, Lentils, Cottage Cheese…



    • Protein, Fat and essential nutrients – Meat:




        • 1.5 lb (minimum) to 2 lbs ground or finely chopped 1meat:


          • Poultry – chicken, turkey or duck, bones removed, or:

          • Fish – wild Alaskan salmon, mackerel, sardines, or;



          • Red meat – beef, bison, deer, etc. 



            • If your dog has food sensitivities don’t mix proteins, choose one source of meat protein per batch of food;

            • don’t skim the fat off – the fat from the meat is an essential source of nutrition for your dog; 




      • Protein, Fat and essential nutrients – Cottage cheese:


      • Protein, carbohydrates, fiber and essential nutrients – Legumes:


        • 2 cups (16 oz):



          • Lentils – use a combination of yellow, brown or green lentils and/or cooked mashed chickpeas (see note 2)

          • For best results:


            • Pre-soak the uncooked lentils in water for at least 3 hours;

            • After soaking the uncooked lentils, drain the water (discard the water) and use a food processor or bender to mash/finely chop the softened lentils;

            • After soaking and mashing/chopping the lentils are ready to be cooked with the other recipe ingredients together in a pot or pressure cooker.





       




        • Protein and Fat - Additional Optional Ingredient:


          • 2 eggs 


        • Fat:



        • Carbohydrate, fibre


          • 1 cup brown rice;

          • 1 cup steel cut oats (or pot barley, not pearled barley), if you can’t find steel cut oats you can used rolled oats;



        • Carbohydrate, essential nutrients, fiber, antioxidents:


          • 2 cups:


            • Vegetables and Fruit, fresh or frozen finely chopped:


              •  Carrots, Brussel sprouts, green beans, cauliflower, broccoli;




              •  Apples, pears, cherries or berries (i.e. cranberries, strawberries, blueberries, black berries, etc.);


          • 10 oz:


            • Fresh or frozen chopped spinach



        • Herbs


          •  4 cloves 3garlic, chopped or minced; 



          • 1/8 cup basil – dry or fresh chopped;



          • 1/8 cup rosemary – dry or fresh chopped;




          • 1/8 cup sage; 

          • Optional:


            • 1/8 cup anise;

            • 1/8 cup fennel; 

            • 1/8 cup dried parsley or fresh chopped;

            • 1/8 cup mint;

            • 1 tbs fresh chopped ginger;

            • 1 tbs Ceylon cinnamon



        • 1tspdry, 4powdered eggshell (1/2 tsp/per every 1 lb of meat)



         
        Put all ingredients in a pot and add only enough water to just barely cover ingredients. Put on a low heat setting (i.e. 3 to 4 just for long enough to start the food cooking and then turn the heat down to 2 and just let the pot simmer for an hour or two. If you are making a single batch of food and have a crock pot  the food can be cooked on low heat setting in the crock pot.

        When you are ready to feed your dog the food…






        Sprinkle/add/mix the following on top of the food when ready to serve in bowl:



        • 6Brewers yeast or nutritional yeast (NOT Bakers yeast!)



          • Cheese shredded or cubed;


          •  cheddar cheese, mozzarella or Swiss cheese, or; cottage cheese;



          • Yogurt 

          • Read here to understand benefits, dosage, how to select a good yogurt for your dog;


        •  A small piece of fatty fish such as wild Atlantic Salmon, mackerel or sardine;

        • Fish oil (use human grade) krill oil, wild Alaskan salmon oil, cod liver oil;


        • 5Ground flax seeds or Chia seeds;

        • A pinch of ground vitamin C tablet – if your dogs don’t eat citrus fruit, berries or veggies that are high in vitamin C. My dogs get lots of vitamin C from fresh fruit and from fresh lemon so they do not require ground vitamin C.


          • Ceylon Cinnamon


          • You can also sprinkle a little cinnamon powder on top of the food. Cinnamon helps dissolve food particles – good for your dog’s dental health and also aids with the digestion of food.




      You can keep this food in the refrigerator for up to one week. If you make more than you will use in a week just freeze the additional food.

      Notes

      1Cooking Meat – avoid creating carcinogens in the meat


      When cooking meat (poultry, red meat, etc.) always cook it at a low temperature.



      • Cooking meat above 200 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit increases the amount of PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine) and other heterocyclic amines in the meat;

      • Heterocyclic amines are carcinogenic chemicals that form when meat is cooked at high temperatures.


      2Home cooked v.s. canned lentils, chickpeas, legumes – avoid carcinogens
       Although you can choose to use canned lentils and chickpeas it is best to cook them from ‘scratch’ yourself as canned products: 



      • Are known to contain BPA (a carcinogen), and;

      • Commercially prepared canned beans/legumes are cooked at a very high temperature for a short period of time. 



        • When foods are cooked at very high temps advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) form;

        • AGEs are compounds that stimulate cells to produce specific proteins that cause inflammation and can be toxic;


        • High heat also damages and/or destroys many nutrients.



      3 Garlic – my dogs get fresh garlic on a daily basis. Garlic (unlike onion which is toxic for your dog) has many health benefits for your dog. Before cooking the garlic, chop, mince or crush the garlic and let it sit for 15 minutes at room temperature – this triggers a reaction that boosts the healthy enzymes in garlic to maximum output. If your dog is on blood thinners or cyclosporin, leave the garlic out of the recipe.






      4 Powdered Eggshell is high in calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur, silicon and zinc, and a few other (actually 27) vital elements for dogs. ½ tsp equals about 400 milligrams of absorbable calcium.


      • To make powdered eggshell:

      • Wash empty eggshells in a little warm water;

      • Place the shells on a dish or paper towel and let them air dry completely (i.e. for 24 hrs);

      • When dry, break the shells into pieces and then grind them using a mortar and pestle or coffee grinder;

      • Store the powdered eggshell in an airtight container.



      5Flax seed must be ground not whole, Chia seeds can be whole or ground.

      • Daily dosage of Flax or Chia:


        • Tiny Dogs (4 lbs to 10 lbs) – ½ tbs  

        • Small Dogs (+10 lbs to 30 lbs) – 1 tbs  

        • Medium Dogs  (+30 lbs to 75 lbs)  – 1.5 tbs

        • Large Dogs (+75 lbs to 100 lbs) – 2 tbs

        • Extra Large Dogs (+100) – 2 to 3 tbs




      6Nutritional brewer’s yeast or nutritional yeast (not baker’s yeast) is high in B complex vitamins. B complex vitamins are very important for a dog’s overall health, oral health and are also a natural flea repellent.  


      Daily Dosage of Brewer’s or Nutritional Yeast:
      1 teaspoon per 30 pounds of body weight




      Notes

      1Cooking Meat – avoid creating carcinogens in the meat


      When cooking meat (poultry, red meat, etc.) always cook it at a low temperature.



      • Cooking meat above 200 to 350 degrees Fahrenheit increases the amount of PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine) and other heterocyclic amines in the meat;

      • Heterocyclic amines are carcinogenic chemicals that form when meat is cooked at high temperatures.


      2Home cooked v.s. canned lentils, chickpeas, legumes – avoid carcinogens
       Although you can choose to use canned lentils and chickpeas it is best to cook them from ‘scratch’ yourself as canned products: 



      • Are known to contain BPA (a carcinogen), and;

      • Commercially prepared canned beans/legumes are cooked at a very high temperature for a short period of time. 



        • When foods are cooked at very high temps advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) form;

        • AGEs are compounds that stimulate cells to produce specific proteins that cause inflammation and can be toxic;


        • High heat also damages and/or destroys many nutrients.



      3 Garlic – my dogs get fresh garlic on a daily basis. Garlic (unlike onion which is toxic for your dog) has many health benefits for your dog. Before cooking the garlic, chop, mince or crush the garlic and let it sit for 15 minutes at room temperature – this triggers a reaction that boosts the healthy enzymes in garlic to maximum output. If your dog is on blood thinners or cyclosporin, leave the garlic out of the recipe.






      4 Powdered Eggshell is high in calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur, silicon and zinc, and a few other (actually 27) vital elements for dogs. ½ tsp equals about 400 milligrams of absorbable calcium.


      • To make powdered eggshell:

      • Wash empty eggshells in a little warm water;

      • Place the shells on a dish or paper towel and let them air dry completely (i.e. for 24 hrs);

      • When dry, break the shells into pieces and then grind them using a mortar and pestle or coffee grinder;

      • Store the powdered eggshell in an airtight container.



      5Flax seed must be ground not whole, Chia seeds can be whole or ground.

      • Daily dosage of Flax or Chia:


        • Tiny Dogs (4 lbs to 10 lbs) – ½ tbs  

        • Small Dogs (+10 lbs to 30 lbs) – 1 tbs  

        • Medium Dogs  (+30 lbs to 75 lbs)  – 1.5 tbs

        • Large Dogs (+75 lbs to 100 lbs) – 2 tbs

        • Extra Large Dogs (+100) – 2 to 3 tbs




      6Nutritional brewer’s yeast or nutritional yeast (not baker’s yeast) is high in B complex vitamins. B complex vitamins are very important for a dog’s overall health, oral health and are also a natural flea repellent.  


      Daily Dosage of Brewer’s or Nutritional Yeast:
      1 teaspoon per 30 pounds of body weight
      .







      ❀ᵔᴥᵔ❀

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